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<title>Mount Merapi</title>

Mount Merapi

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the mountain in Central Java and is not to be confused with <a href="Mount_Marapi" title="Mount Marapi">Mount Marapi</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Mount Merapi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname">ꦒꦸꦤꦸꦁꦩꦼꦫꦥꦶ Gunung Merapi</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;">Flag ceremony on the slopes of Mount Merapi during Indonesia’s 75th Independence Day celebration, 17 August 2020</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,910 m (9,550 ft)<a href="#cite_note-gvp-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">Prominence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,356 m (4,449 ft)<a href="#cite_note-Gunung_Bagging-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Lists_of_mountains" title="Lists of mountains">Listing</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Ribu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">

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</style><a class="external text" href="geo:-7.541388888888889,110.44611111111111">07°32′29″S 110°26′46″E / 7.54139°S 110.44611°E / -7.54139; 110.44611</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Naming</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">English translation</th><td class="infobox-data">Mountain of Fire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language of name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1291884410">

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</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:272px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:272px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:272px"><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.272%;left:48.257%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:9px;left:-3em"><div>Mount Merapi</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in <a href="Java" title="Java">Java</a></div></div></div></div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Geological_time_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological time scale">Rock age</a></th><td class="infobox-data">400,000 years</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="List_of_mountain_types" title="List of mountain types">Mountain type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">Stratovolcano</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Sunda_Arc" title="Sunda Arc">Sunda Arc</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">Last eruption</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ongoing</td></tr></tbody></table>

Mount Merapi (<a href="Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>: ꦒꦸꦤꦸꦁꦩꦼꦫꦥꦶ, romanized: Gunung Měrapi, <a href="Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: Gunung Merapi, <a href="Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Fire Mountain') is an <a href="Active_volcano" title="Active volcano">active</a> <a href="Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcano</a> located on the <a href="Border" title="Border">border</a> between the province of <a href="Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a> and the <a href="Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Special Region of Yogyakarta</a>, <a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548. It is located approximately 28 km (17 mi) north of <a href="Yogyakarta_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogyakarta (city)">Yogyakarta</a> city which has a population of 2.4 million. Thousands of people live on the flanks of the volcano, with villages as high as 1,700 m (5,577 ft) above <a href="Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>.

Smoke can often be seen rising from the mountaintop, and several eruptions have caused fatalities. A pyroclastic flow from a large explosion killed 27 people on 22 November 1994, mostly in the town of <a href="Muntilan" title="Muntilan">Muntilan</a>, west of the volcano.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Another large eruption occurred in 2006, shortly before the <a href="2006_Yogyakarta_earthquake" title="2006 Yogyakarta earthquake">Yogyakarta earthquake</a>. In light of the hazards that Merapi poses to populated areas, it was designated as one of the <a href="Decade_Volcanoes" title="Decade Volcanoes">Decade Volcanoes</a>, which are considered worthy of particular study in light of their history of large, destructive <a href="Volcanic_eruption" title="Volcanic eruption">eruptions</a> and proximity to densely populated areas.

On the afternoon of 25 October 2010, <a href="2010_eruptions_of_Mount_Merapi" title="2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi">Merapi erupted</a> on its southern and southeastern slopes.<a href="#cite_note-JakartaPost2010-10-25-4">[4]</a> A total of 353 people were killed over the next month, while 350,000 were forced to flee their homes;<a href="#cite_note-Bitesize-5">[5]</a> most of the damage was done by <a href="Pyroclastic_flows" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyroclastic flows">pyroclastic flows</a>, while heavy rain on 4 November created <a href="Lahars" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahars">lahars</a> which caused further damage. Most of the fissures had ceased erupting by 30 November, and four days later the official threat level was lowered.<a href="#cite_note-bnpb-6">[6]</a> Merapi's characteristic shape was changed during the eruptions, with its height lowered 38 m (125 ft) to 2,930 m (9,613 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Gunung_Bagging-2">[2]</a>

Since 2010, Merapi had experienced several smaller eruptions, most noticeably two <a href="Phreatic_eruptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Phreatic eruptions">phreatic eruptions</a> which occurred on 18 November 2013 and 11 May 2018. The first and larger of these, caused by a combination of rainfall and internal activity, saw smoke issued up to a height of 2,000 m (6,562 ft).<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> There have been several small eruptions since the beginning of 2020,<a href="#cite_note-13">[a]</a> which are of great interest to volcanologists.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>

The name Merapi is a compound of <a href="Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <a href="Mount_Meru_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Meru (mythology)">Meru</a> meaning "mountain"<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> with <a href="Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> api which means "fire". Thus Merapi can be loosely translated as "Mountain of Fire" or "Fire Mountain".

According to Mahdi (2005), the name of the volcano "Merapi" is derived from an <a href="Old_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Malay">Old Malay</a> affixation of the Old Malay word api (fire) with the prefix, mər- which is believed to be an ancestor of the ber- prefix of modern Malay and Indonesian. He also believes that the same applies to the name of the volcano, <a href="Mount_Marapi" title="Mount Marapi">Mount Marapi</a> of <a href="West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> If mər- is indeed the ancestor of modern Malay and Indonesian ber-, then that would make the name of the volcano morphologically identical to the Malay and Indonesian word berapi (to spew out fire) which, combined with the word, gunung (mountain), would make up the modern Malay and Indonesian word for "volcano", gunung berapi.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geological_history">Geological history</h3></div>

Merapi is the youngest in a group of volcanoes in southern <a href="Java" title="Java">Java</a>. It is situated at a <a href="Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> zone, where the <a href="Indo-Australian_plate" title="Indo-Australian plate">Indo-Australian plate</a> is subducting under the <a href="Sunda_plate" title="Sunda plate">Sunda plate</a>. It is one of at least 129 active volcanoes in Indonesia, part of the volcano is located in the Southeastern part of the Pacific Ring of Fire—a section of fault lines stretching from the Western Hemisphere through Japan and South East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-StraitsTimes-18">[17]</a> Stratigraphic analysis reveals that eruptions in the Merapi area began about 400,000 years ago, and from then until about 10,000 years ago, eruptions were typically effusive, and the out flowing <a href="Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> emitted was <a href="Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic</a>. Since then, eruptions have become more explosive, with viscous <a href="Andesite" title="Andesite">andesitic</a> lavas often generating <a href="Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">lava domes</a>. Dome collapse has often generated <a href="Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flows</a>, and larger explosions, which have resulted in <a href="Eruption_column" title="Eruption column">eruption columns</a>, have also generated pyroclastic flows through column collapse.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a>

Typically, small eruptions occur every two to three years, and larger ones every 10–15 years or so. Notable eruptions, often causing many deaths, have occurred in 1006, 1786, 1822, 1872, and 1930. Thirteen villages were destroyed in the latter one, and 1,400 people were killed by pyroclastic flows.

The very large eruption in 1006 is claimed to have covered all of central Java with <a href="Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">ash</a>. The volcanic devastation is claimed to have led to the collapse of the <a href="Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> <a href="Kingdom_of_Mataram" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mataram">Kingdom of Mataram</a>; however, the evidence from that era is insufficient for this to be substantiated.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2006_eruption">2006 eruption</h3></div>

In April, increased <a href="Seismicity" title="Seismicity">seismicity</a> at more regular intervals and a detected bulge in the volcano's cone indicated that fresh eruptions were imminent. Authorities put the volcano's neighboring villages on high alert and local residents prepared for a likely evacuation. On 19 April smoke from the crater reached a height of 400 m (1,300 ft), compared to 75 m (246 ft) the previous day. On 23 April, after nine surface tremors and some 156 multifaced quakes signalled movements of magma, some 600 elderly and infant residents of the slopes were evacuated.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a>

By early May, active lava flows had begun. On 11 May, with lava flow beginning to be constant, some 17,000 people were ordered to be evacuated from the area<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> and on 13 May, Indonesian authorities raised the alert status to the highest level, ordering the immediate evacuation of all residents on the mountain.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Many villagers defied the dangers posed by the volcano and returned to their villages, fearing that their livestock and crops would be vulnerable to theft.<a href="#cite_note-StraitsTimes-18">[17]</a> Activity calmed by the middle of May.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a>

On 27 May, a <a href="2006_Yogyakarta_earthquake" title="2006 Yogyakarta earthquake">6.3 magnitude earthquake</a> struck roughly 50 km (31 mi) southwest of Merapi,<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> killing at least 5,000 and leaving at least 200,000 people homeless in the <a href="Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> region, heightening fears that Merapi would "blow".<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> The quake did not appear to be a long-period oscillation, a seismic disturbance class that is increasingly associated with major volcanic eruptions. A further 11,000 villagers were evacuated on 6 June as lava and superheated clouds of gas poured repeatedly down its upper slopes towards Kaliadem,<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> a location that was located southeast of Mt. Merapi.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> The pyroclastic flows are known locally as "wedhus gembel" (Javanese for "shaggy goat"). There were two fatalities as the result of the eruption.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010_eruption">2010 eruption</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="2010_eruptions_of_Mount_Merapi" title="2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi">2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi</a></div>

In late October, the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Geological Agency (CVGHM), (Indonesian language—Pusat Vulkanologi & Mitigasi Bencana Geologi, Badan Geologi-PVMBG), reported that a pattern of increasing seismicity from Merapi had begun to emerge in early September.

Observers at Babadan 7 km (4.3 mi) west and <a href="Kaliurang" title="Kaliurang">Kaliurang</a> 8 km (5.0 mi) south of the mountain reported hearing an <a href="Avalanche" title="Avalanche">avalanche</a> on 12 September. On 13 September, white plumes were observed rising 800 m (2,600 ft) above the crater. Lava dome inflation, detected since March, increased from background levels of 0.1 mm (0.0039 in) to 0.3 mm (0.012 in) per day to a rate of 11 mm (0.43 in) per day on 16 September. On 19 September, earthquakes continued to be numerous, and the next day CVGHM raised the Alert Level to 2 (on a scale of 1–4).<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Lava from Mount Merapi in <a href="Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a> began flowing down the Gendol River on 23–24 October signalling the likelihood of an imminent <a href="Volcanic_eruption" title="Volcanic eruption">eruption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malik2010-10-24-29">[28]</a>

On 25 October, the Indonesian government raised the alert for Mount Merapi to its highest level (4) and warned villagers in threatened areas to move to safer ground. People living within a 10 km (6.2 mi) zone were told to evacuate. The evacuation orders affected at least 19,000 people; however, the number that complied at the time remained unclear to authorities.<a href="#cite_note-thenews1-30">[29]</a> Officials said about 500 volcanic earthquakes had been recorded on the mountain over the weekend of 23–24 October, and that the <a href="Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> had risen to about 1 km (3,300 ft) below the surface due to the seismic activity<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a>

After a period of multiple eruptions considered to exceed the intensity and duration of those in 1872<a href="#cite_note-bknpb1-32">[31]</a> on 10 November 2010 the intensity and frequency of eruptions was noticed to subside.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> By this time, 153 people had been reported to have been killed and 320,000 were displaced.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Later the eruptive activities again increased requiring a continuation of the Level 4 alert and continued provision of exclusion zones around the volcano.<a href="#cite_note-CVGHM_PVMBG-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jakarta_Globe_from_Antara-36">[35]</a> By 18 November the death toll had increased to 275.<a href="#cite_note-thejakartapost.com-37">[36]</a> The toll had risen to 324 by 24 November and Syamsul Maarif, head of the National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB) explained that the death toll had risen after a number of victims succumbed to severe burns and more bodies were found on the volcano's slopes.<a href="#cite_note-thejakartaglobe-38">[37]</a>

In the aftermath of the more intensive eruptive activities in late November, Yogyakarta's Disaster Management Agency reported that there were about 500 reported cases of eruption survivors in Sleman district suffering from minor to severe psychological problems, and about 300 cases in Magelang.<a href="#cite_note-thejakartaglobe-38">[37]</a> By 3 December the death toll had risen to 353.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a>

On 3 December, the head of the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB), Dr. Syamsul Maarif, M. Si, accompanied by the head of the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation CVGHM (PVMBG), Dr. Surono made a joint press release at the BNPB Command Post in Yogyakarta. At 09.00 am that day, the CVGHM (PVMBG) lowered the status of Mount Merapi to the level of Caution Alert (Level III). They clarified that with this alert level the potential of hot ash clouds and projected incandescent material remained. The Geological Agency provided several recommendations including that there would be no community activities in the disaster prone areas and proclaimed an ongoing exclusion zone of 2.5 km (1.6 mi) radius.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018_eruption">2018 eruption</h3></div>

A <a href="Phreatic_eruption" title="Phreatic eruption">phreatic eruption</a> began on the morning of 11 May, prompting the evacuation of areas within a 5 km (3.1 mi) radius of the volcano. <a href="Adisutjipto_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Adisutjipto International Airport">Adisutjipto International Airport</a> in Yogyakarta was closed due to the eruption's ash plume. This eruption initiated a new phase of dome growth. It led to new evacuations at Merapi in November 2020. The danger of pyroclastic flows was increasing and expanding.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021_eruption">2021 eruption</h3></div>

Eruptions started on 4 January causing evacuations of the Yogyakarta region.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The geological authority had invoked the second-highest alert level in November after sensors picked up increasing activity warning the situation could become more unstable.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> On 27 March, another small eruption occurred, spewing lava and creating pyroclastic flows.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Merapi began erupting once again on 8 August 2021, sending new lava flows down the slope of the volcano.<a href="#cite_note-August8-11">[11]</a> On 16 August, the volcano erupted again, belching a cloud of ash into the air as lava flowed down its crater. The explosions spewed clouds as far as 3.5 kilometres (2 miles) from the rumbling volcano, blanketing local communities in grey ash.<a href="#cite_note-NDTV-12">[12]</a>

On 9 December, a pyroclastic flow traveled along the Bebeng River for a distance of 2.2 km.<a href="#cite_note-VOI_1-48">[47]</a> This comes just as <a href="2021_Semeru_eruption" title="2021 Semeru eruption">Mount Semeru erupted</a> in an unrelated event, killing at least 43 people.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023_eruption">2023 eruption</h3></div>

An eruption started on 11 March at around 12 p.m. local time (<a href="Western_Indonesia_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Indonesia Time">Western Indonesia Time</a>, GMT+7). A lava flow up to 7 kilometers long and a column of hot cloud rising up to 100 meters high were observed. Local authorities advised residents living in Merapi's slope to stay at least 7 kilometers away from the crater.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024_eruption">2024 eruption</h3></div>

An eruption occurred on 19 January starting at 6:59 a.m. local time, with six pyroclastic flows reaching up to 2 kilometers being recorded.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> On 21 January, the volcano emitted a lava flow up to 2 kilometers long and a column of hot cloud rising up to 100 meters. Authorities advised residents living in Merapi's slope to stay at least 7 kilometers away from the crater.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monitoring">Monitoring</h2></div>

Mount Merapi is the site of a very active volcano monitoring program. <a href="Seismology" title="Seismology">Seismic</a> monitoring began in 1924, with some of the volcano monitoring stations lasting until the present. The Babadan (northwest location), Selo (in the saddle between <a href="Mount_Merbabu" title="Mount Merbabu">Merbabu</a> and Merapi), and <a href="Plawangan" title="Plawangan">Plawangan</a> monitoring stations have been updated with equipment over the decades since establishment. During the 1950s and early 1960s some of the stations were starved of equipment and funds, but after the 1970s considerable improvement occurred with the supply of new equipment. Some of the pre-1930 observation posts were destroyed by the 1930 eruption, and newer posts were re-located. Similarly after the 1994 eruption, the Plawangan post and equipment were moved into <a href="Kaliurang" title="Kaliurang">Kaliurang</a> as a response to the threat of danger to the volcanological personnel at the higher point. This volcano is monitored by the <a href="Deep_Earth_Carbon_Degassing_Project" title="Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project">Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project</a>.

The eruption of 1930 was found to have been preceded by a large earthquake swarm. The network of eight <a href="Seismograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismograph">seismographs</a> currently around the volcano allow volcanologists to accurately pinpoint the <a href="Hypocentre" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypocentre">hypocentres</a> of tremors and quakes.

A zone in which no quakes originate is found about 1.5 km below the summit, and is thought to be the location of the <a href="Magma_chamber" title="Magma chamber">magma reservoir</a> which feeds the eruptions.

Other measurements taken on the volcano include <a href="Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetic</a> measurements and tilt measurements. Small changes in the local magnetic field have been found to coincide with eruptions, and tilt measurements reveal the <a href="Deformation_(volcanology)" title="Deformation (volcanology)">inflation</a> of the volcano caused when the magma chambers beneath it is filling up.

<a href="Lahar" title="Lahar">Lahars</a> (a type of <a href="Mudflow" title="Mudflow">mudflow</a> of pyroclastic material and water) are an important hazard on the mountain, and are caused by <a href="Rain" title="Rain">rain</a> remobilizing pyroclastic flow deposits. Lahars can be detected seismically, as they cause a high-<a href="Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> seismic signal. Observations have found that about 50 mm of rain per hour is the threshold above which lahars are often generated.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Check_dam">Check dam</h2></div>

There are about 90 units (30 percent) from the total 258 units of sand barriers (sabo) were damaged. The cost for recovery is about Rp 1 trillion ($116 million).<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sterile_zone">Sterile zone</h2></div>

Following the 2010 eruption, three Indonesian government departments declared a prohibited zone in which nobody can permanently stay and no infrastructure is allowed in nine villages (dusun): Palemsari, Pangukrejo, Kaliadem, Jambu, Kopeng, Petung, Kalitengah Lor, Kalitengah Kidul and Srunen, all in Cangkringan district.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_park">National park</h2></div>

In 2004, an area of 6,410 hectares around Mount Merapi was established as a <a href="List_of_national_parks_of_Indonesia" title="List of national parks of Indonesia">national park</a>. The decision of the Ministry of Forestry to declare the park has been subsequently challenged in court by <a href="The_Indonesian_Forum_for_Environment" title="The Indonesian Forum for Environment">The Indonesian Forum for Environment</a>, on grounds of lack of consultation with local residents.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> During the 2006 eruption of the volcano it was reported that many residents were reluctant to leave because they feared their residences would be confiscated for expansion of the national park, meaning they would not have a house.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museum">Museum</h2></div>

<ul><li>Merapi Museum Center, <a href="Kaliurang" title="Kaliurang">Kaliurang</a> Street Kilometer 25.7, <a href="Pakem" title="Pakem">Pakem</a> subdistrict, <a href="Sleman" title="Sleman">Sleman</a>, <a href="Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>. A replica of Merapi's Post 2010 eruption has been created and Indonesian student visits to the museum has increased 30 percent since the latest eruption.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology">Mythology</h2></div>

Merapi is very important to the <a href="Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese people</a>, especially those living around its crater. As such, there are many myths and beliefs attached to Merapi.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation">Creation</h3></div>

Although most nearby villages have their own myths about the creation of Mount Merapi, they have numerous commonalities.

It is believed that when the gods had just created the Earth, <a href="Java" title="Java">Java</a> was unbalanced because of the placement of Mount Jamurdipo on the west end of the island. In order to assure balance, the gods (generally represented by <a href="Batara_Guru" title="Batara Guru">Batara Guru</a>) ordered the mountain to be moved to the centre of Java. However, two armourers, Empu Rama and Empu Permadi, were already forging a sacred <a href="Keris" class="mw-redirect" title="Keris">keris</a> at the site where Mount Jamurdipo was to be moved. The gods warned them that they would be moving a mountain there, and that they should leave; Empu Rama and Empu Permadi ignored that warning. In anger, the gods buried Empu Rama and Empu Permadi under Mount Jamurdipo; their spirits later became the rulers of all mystical beings in the area. In memory of them, Mount Jamurdipo was later renamed Mount Merapi, which means "fire of Rama and Permadi."<a href="#cite_note-Triyoga-59">[58]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spirit_Kraton_of_Merapi">Spirit Kraton of Merapi</h3></div>

The Javanese believe that the Earth is not only populated by human beings, but also by spirits (makhluk halus). Villages near Merapi believe that one of the palaces (in <a href="Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> <a href="Kraton_(Indonesia)" title="Kraton (Indonesia)">kraton</a>) used by the rulers of the spirit kingdom lies inside Merapi, ruled by Empu Rama and Empu Permadi. This palace is said to be a spiritual counterpart to the <a href="Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Yogyakarta Sultanate</a>, complete with roads, soldiers, princes, vehicles, and domesticated animals.

Besides the rulers, the palace is said to also be populated by the spirits of <a href="Ancestor" title="Ancestor">ancestors</a> who died as righteous people. The spirits of these ancestors are said to live in the palace as royal servants (abdi dalem), occasionally visiting their descendants in dreams to give <a href="Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecies</a> or warnings.<a href="#cite_note-Triyoga1-60">[59]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spirits_of_Merapi">Spirits of Merapi</h3></div>

To keep the volcano quiet and to appease the spirits of the mountain, the Javanese regularly take offerings on the anniversary of the sultan of Yogyakarta's coronation.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> For the Yogyakarta Sultanate, Merapi holds a significant cosmological symbolism, because it forms a sacred north–south axis line between Merapi's peak and the <a href="Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, referred by locals as the Southern Ocean. The sacred axis is signified by Merapi peak in the north, the <a href="Tugu_Yogyakarta" title="Tugu Yogyakarta">Tugu Yogyakarta</a> monument near Yogyakarta main train station, the axis runs along <a href="Malioboro" class="mw-redirect" title="Malioboro">Malioboro</a> street to Northern Alun-alun (square) across <a href="Keraton" class="mw-redirect" title="Keraton">Keraton</a> Yogyakarta (sultan's palace), Southern Alun-alun, all the way to Bantul and finally reaching Samas and Parangkusumo beach on the estuary of Opak river and the Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> This sacred axis connected the <a href="Hyang" title="Hyang">hyangs</a> or spirits of mountain revered since ancient times—often identified as "Mbah Petruk" by Javanese people—The Sultan of Yogyakarta as the leader of the Javanese kingdom, and <a href="Nyi_Roro_Kidul" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyi Roro Kidul">Nyi Roro Kidul</a> as the queen of the Southern Ocean, the female ocean deity revered by Javanese people and also mythical consort of Javanese kings.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a>

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<ul><li><a href="2010_eruptions_of_Mount_Merapi" title="2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi">2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_volcanic_eruptions_by_death_toll" title="List of volcanic eruptions by death toll">List of volcanic eruptions by death toll</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_volcanoes_in_Indonesia" title="List of volcanoes in Indonesia">List of volcanoes in Indonesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Decade_Volcanoes" title="Decade Volcanoes">Decade Volcanoes</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBeauducelCornetSuhanto2000" class="citation journal cs1">Beauducel, François; Cornet, François-Henri; Suhanto, Edi (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-03596943/file/Journal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%20Solid%20Earth%20-%202000%20-%20Beauducel%20-%20Constraints%20on%20magma%20flux%20from%20displacements%20data%20at.pdf">"Constraints on magma flux from displacements data at Merapi volcano, Java, Indonesia"</a> (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 105 (B4). AGU publications: 8193–8203. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JGR...105.8193B">2000JGR...105.8193B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F1999JB900368">10.1029/1999JB900368</a>.</cite></li>

<li>Camus G, Gourgaud A, Mossand-Berthommier P-C, Vincent P-M, 2000. Merapi (central Java, Indonesia): an outline of the structural and magmatological evolution, with a special emphasis to the major pyroclastic events. J Volc Geotherm Res, 100: 139–163</li>

<li>Charbonnier S J, Gertisser R, 2008. Field observations and surface characteristics of pristine block-and-ash flow deposits from the 2006 eruption of Merapi volcano, Java, Indonesia. J Volc Geotherm Res, 177: 971–982</li>

<li>Gertisser R, Keller J, 2003. Temporal variations in magma composition at Merapi volcano (Central Java, Indonesia): magmatic cycles during the past 2000 years of explosive activity. J Volc Geotherm Res, 123: 1–23</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGertisserTrollWalterNandaka2023" class="citation book cs1">Gertisser, Ralf; Troll, Valentin R.; Walter, Thomas R.; Nandaka, I Gusti Made Agung; Ratdomopurbo, Antonius, eds. (2023). Active Merapi Volcano: Geology, Eruptive Activity, and Monitoring of a High-Risk Volcano. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-031-15039-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li>Lavigne F, Thouret J C, Voight B, Suwa H, Sumaryono A, 2000. Lahars at Merapi volcano, central Java: an overview. J Volc Geotherm Res, 100: 423–456</li>

<li>Newhall C G, Bronto S, Alloway B, Banks N G, Bahar I, del Marmol M A, Hadisantono R D, Holcomb R T, McGeehin J, <a href="John_N._Miksic" title="John N. Miksic">Miksic J N</a>, Rubin M, Sayudi S D, Sukhyar R, Andreastuti S, Tilling R I, Torley R, Trimble D, Wirakusumah A D, 2000. 10,000 years of explosive eruptions of Merapi volcano, central Java: archaeological and modern implications. J Volc Geotherm Res, 100: 9–50</li>

<li>Siswowidjoyo S, Suryo I, Yokoyama I, 1995. Magma eruption rates of Merapi volcano, Central Java, Indonesia during one century (1890–1992). Bull Volc, 57: 111–116</li>

<li>Thouret J-C, Lavigne F, Kelfoun K, Bronto S, 2000. Toward a revised hazard assessment at Merapi volcano, central Java. J Volc Geotherm Res, 100: 479–502</li>

<li>Triyoga, Lucas Sasongko. 1991 Manusia Jawa dan Gunung Merapi – Persepsi dan Sistem Kepercayaannya Yogyakarta, Gadjah Mada University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>979-420-211-8</bdi></li>

<li>Troll V R, Deegan F M, Seraphine N (2021) Ancient oral tradition in Central Java warns of volcano–earthquake interaction. Geology Today, 37:100–109; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gto.12350">https://doi.org/10.1111/gto.12350</a></li>

<li>US Army, Corps of Engineers <a href="Army_Geospatial_Center" title="Army Geospatial Center">Army Geospatial Center</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> webpage on the crisis of Mount Merapi, with data, citations, photographs and maps.</li>

<li>Voight B, Constantine E K, Siswowidjoyo S, Torley R, 2000. Historical eruptions of Merapi volcano, central Java, Indonesia, 1768–1998. J Volc Geotherm Res, 100: 69–138</li>

<li>Wirakusumah A D, Juwarna H, Loebis H, 1989. Geologic map of Merapi volcano, Central Java. Volc Surv Indonesia, 1:50,000 geol map</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> The most recent eruptions so far were on 3 March 2020,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> 27 March 2020,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> 7 January 2021,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> 8 August 2021<a href="#cite_note-August8-11">[11]</a> and 16 August 2021.<a href="#cite_note-NDTV-12">[12]</a>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-gvp-1"><a href="#cite_ref-gvp_1-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=263250">"Merapi"</a>. <a href="Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a>. <a href="Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. Retrieved 16 December 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Gunung_Bagging-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gunung_Bagging_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunung_Bagging_2-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/merapi.html">"Mount Merapi"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203045952/https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/merapi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> (in Indonesian) Kompas (Yogyakarta) President Soeharto Really Concern. Saturday, 26 November 1994.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-JakartaPost2010-10-25-4"><a href="#cite_ref-JakartaPost2010-10-25_4-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101028025851/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/10/25/merapi-spews-massive-lava-material.html">"Merapi spews lava"</a>. The Jakarta Post. 25 October 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/10/25/merapi-spews-massive-lava-material.html">the original</a> on 28 October 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2010.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bitesize-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Bitesize_5-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zww4nbk/revision/6">"Case study: Mount Merapi in 2010"</a>. <a href="BBC_Bitesize" title="BBC Bitesize">BBC Bitesize</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005151245/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zww4nbk/revision/6">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-bnpb-6"><a href="#cite_ref-bnpb_6-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721122110/http://bnpb.go.id/irw/berita.asp?id=214">"Update Gunung Merapi status on 30/11 to 12.00 WIB"</a>. Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana. 12 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bnpb.go.id/irw/berita.asp?id=214">the original</a> on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2010.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2013/12/30/tiga-gunung-indonesia-ini-bikin-dunia-terkaget-kaget">"Tiga Gunung Indonesia Ini Bikin Dunia Terkaget-kaget"</a>. 30 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809094018/https://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2013/12/30/tiga-gunung-indonesia-ini-bikin-dunia-terkaget-kaget">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/merapi.html">"Merapi"</a>. volcanodiscovery.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181026182924/https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/merapi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/regional/2020/03/27/indonesia039s-mt-merapi-spews-massive-ash-cloud">"Indonesia's Mt Merapi spews massive ash cloud"</a>. The Star. Malaysia. 27 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200327140900/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/regional/2020/03/27/indonesia039s-mt-merapi-spews-massive-ash-cloud">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.</cite>

</li>

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<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volcanoes.de/2020/11/23/merapi-dome-growth-continues/">"Merapi: Dome growth continues"</a>. Marc Szeglat. 23 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220510035142/http://www.volcanoes.de/2020/11/23/merapi-dome-growth-continues/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2020.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/hundreds-evacuated-indonesia-s-mount-merapi-volcano-spews-hot-clouds-n1253330">"Hundreds evacuated as Indonesian volcano spews hot clouds"</a>. NBC News. 7 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107193008/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/hundreds-evacuated-indonesia-s-mount-merapi-volcano-spews-hot-clouds-n1253330">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/7/indonesia-hundreds-evacuated-as-mount-merapi-spews-hot-clouds">"Indonesia: Hundreds evacuated as Mount Merapi spews hot clouds"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107135657/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/7/indonesia-hundreds-evacuated-as-mount-merapi-spews-hot-clouds">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/indonesia-merapi-volcano-spew-ash-debris-eruption-yogyakarta-14505150">"Indonesia's Merapi volcano spews ash, debris in new eruption"</a>. CNA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210327103508/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/indonesia-merapi-volcano-spew-ash-debris-eruption-yogyakarta-14505150">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-VOI_1-48"><a href="#cite_ref-VOI_1_48-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voi.id/en/news/112441/merapi-launches-hot-clouds-fall-for-22-km-to-bebeng-river">"Merapi Launches Hot Clouds Fall For 2.2 km To Bebeng River"</a>. VOI.id. 9 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209124056/https://voi.id/en/news/112441/merapi-launches-hot-clouds-fall-for-22-km-to-bebeng-river">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChristina2023" class="citation web cs1">Christina, Bernadette (11 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indonesias-merapi-volcano-erupts-spews-hot-cloud-2023-03-11/">"Indonesia's Merapi volcano erupts, spews hot cloud"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRiyadi2023" class="citation web cs1">Riyadi, Slamet (11 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/indonesia-merapi-volcano-eruption-a827c3f693666c467b298bac3355a166">"Indonesia's Merapi volcano spews hot clouds in new eruption"</a>. Associated Press News. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.antaranews.com/news/303429/mt-merapi-spews-six-hot-cloud-avalanches-on-friday-morning">"Mt. Merapi spews six hot cloud avalanches on Friday morning"</a>. Antara. 19 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRiyadi2024" class="citation web cs1">Riyadi, Slamet (21 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/indonesia-mount-merapi-eruption-e2b8803db1766d91b14da1173e4d9706">"Indonesia's Mount Merapi unleashes lava as other volcanoes flare up, forcing thousands to evacuate"</a>. Associated Press News. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.indonesiafinancetoday.com/read/4688/Merapi-Sand-Barriers-Restoration-Need-Rp-1-T-">"Merapi Sand Barriers Restoration Need Rp 1 T – Indonesia Finance Today"</a>. En.indonesiafinancetoday.com. 26 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522201228/http://en.indonesiafinancetoday.com/read/4688/Merapi-Sand-Barriers-Restoration-Need-Rp-1-T-">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediaindonesia.com/read/2011/09/15/259708/289/101/-Sembilan-Dusun-Lereng-Merapi-Tetap-tidak-Boleh-untuk-Hunian">"Sembilan Dusun Lereng Merapi Tetap tidak Boleh untuk Hunian"</a>. 15 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407123930/http://www.mediaindonesia.com/read/2011/09/15/259708/289/101/-Sembilan-Dusun-Lereng-Merapi-Tetap-tidak-Boleh-untuk-Hunian">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2011.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2004/07/10/walhi-sues-cabinet-minister-over-merapi-national-park.html">P.C. Naommy:Walhi sues Cabinet minister over Merapi National Park</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121008044209/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2004/07/10/walhi-sues-cabinet-minister-over-merapi-national-park.html">Archived</a> 8 October 2012 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <a href="The_Jakarta_Post" title="The Jakarta Post">The Jakarta Post</a> 7 October 2004. Retrieved 28 October 2010.

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<li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/05/04/many-still-reluctant-leave-merapi.html">Slamet Susanto:Many still reluctant to leave Merapi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110920173443/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/05/04/many-still-reluctant-leave-merapi.html">Archived</a> 20 September 2011 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <a href="The_Jakarta_Post" title="The Jakarta Post">The Jakarta Post</a> 5 April 2006. Retrieved 28 October 2010.

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<li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antaranews.com/en/photos/16426/replica-of-merapi039s-post-2010-eruption">"Pasca Letusan Merapi"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111020230320/http://www.antaranews.com/en/photos/16426/replica-of-merapi039s-post-2010-eruption">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTrollDeeganSeraphine2021" class="citation journal cs1">Troll, Valentin R.; Deegan, Frances M.; Seraphine, Nadhirah (May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gto.12350">"Ancient oral tradition in Central Java warns of volcano–earthquake interaction"</a>. Geology Today. 37 (3): 100–109. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021GeolT..37..100T">2021GeolT..37..100T</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgto.12350">10.1111/gto.12350</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0266-6979">0266-6979</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236573835">236573835</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Triyoga-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Triyoga_59-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTriyoga2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Triyoga, Lucas Sasongko (2010). Merapi dan Orang Jawa: Persepsi dan Kepercayaannya (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia. pp. 50–52.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Triyoga1-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Triyoga1_60-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTriyoga2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Triyoga, Lucas Sasongko (2010). Merapi dan Orang Jawa: Persepsi dan Kepercayaannya (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia. pp. 56–60.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1">Mount Tourism – Mount Merapi. Ministry of Culture and Tourism. 2008.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTrollDeeganJolisBudd2015" class="citation journal cs1">Troll, Valentin R.; Deegan, Frances M.; Jolis, Ester M.; Budd, David A.; Dahren, Börje; Schwarzkopf, Lothar M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/geoa.12099">"Ancient Oral Tradition Describes Volcano–Earthquake Interaction at Merapi Volcano, Indonesia"</a>. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography. 97 (1): 137–166. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeAnA..97..137T">2015GeAnA..97..137T</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgeoa.12099">10.1111/geoa.12099</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-0459">1468-0459</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129186824">129186824</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220510035139/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/geoa.12099">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2020.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Triyoga, Lucas Sasongko (1991) Manusia Jawa dan gunung merapi : persepsi dan kepercayaannya Yogyakarta : Gadjah Mada University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>979-420-211-8</bdi>, see also Khairuddin, H. (1995) Filsafat Kota Yogyakarta <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>979-499-180-5</bdi> page 58 (in Indonesian) – Gunung Merapi sebagai terminal akhir dalam proses Sumbu Imajiner diyakini pula sebagai Surga pangratunan, yang berasal dari kata antu, yang artinya menanti, yakni menanti sevelum roh diinjinkan masuk surga, yaitu kembali kepada Sang Pencipta.

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<li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313014005/http://www.agc.army.mil/Merapi/index.html">"Army GeoSpatial Center – Merapi Volcano"</a>. United States Army. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agc.army.mil/Merapi/index.html">the original</a> on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2013.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mount_Merapi" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Mount Merapi">Mount Merapi</a>.</div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikinews has related news:

<div><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Merapi_roars,_compulsory_evacuation_ordered" class="extiw external" title="wikinews:Merapi roars, compulsory evacuation ordered"> Merapi roars, compulsory evacuation ordered</a></li></ul></div></div></div>

</div>

<ul><li> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mount_Merapi#Q134108" class="extiw external" title="voy:Mount Merapi">Mount Merapi</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091215072427/http://tngunungmerapi.org/">Mount Merapi National Park</a> – Official site (in Indonesian)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.educatedearth.net/video.php?id=4290">Double Disaster in Indonesia</a> – Video on the 2010 eruption & tsunamis</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~beaudu/merapi.html">Scientific studies carried on at Merapi</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lgp.cnrs.fr/spip/spip.php?article170">l'Atlas du Volcan Merapi, Indonésie/The atlas of Merapi volcano</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171227210735/http://www.lgp.cnrs.fr/spip/spip.php?article170">Archived</a> 27 December 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vulkane.net/en/volcanoes/merapi/merapi.html">Mount Merapi on vnet</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Decade_Volcanoes20" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Decade_Volcanoes" title="Decade Volcanoes">Decade Volcanoes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Avachinsky" title="Avachinsky">Avachinsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Volc%C3%A1n_de_Colima" title="Volcán de Colima">Colima</a></li>

<li><a href="Galeras" title="Galeras">Galeras</a></li>

<li><a href="Koryaksky" title="Koryaksky">Koryaksky</a></li>

<li><a href="Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Nyiragongo" title="Mount Nyiragongo">Nyiragongo</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Rainier</a></li>

<li><a href="Sakurajima" title="Sakurajima">Sakurajima</a></li>

<li><a href="Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(volcano)" title="Santa María (volcano)">Santa María</a></li>

<li><a href="Santorini_caldera" title="Santorini caldera">Santorini</a></li>

<li><a href="Teide" title="Teide">Teide</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulawun" title="Ulawun">Ulawun</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Unzen" title="Mount Unzen">Unzen</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Vesuvius</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_parks_of_Indonesia134" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#9BCB65"><div id="National_parks_of_Indonesia134" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_national_parks_of_Indonesia" title="List of national parks of Indonesia">National parks of Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#9BCB65">Bali and Nusa Tenggara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="West_Bali_National_Park" title="West Bali National Park">Bali Barat</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Rinjani_National_Park" title="Mount Rinjani National Park">Mount Rinjani</a></li>

<li><a href="Kelimutu_National_Park" title="Kelimutu National Park">Kelimutu</a></li>

<li><a href="Komodo_National_Park" title="Komodo National Park">Komodo</a></li>

<li><a href="Laiwangi_Wanggameti_National_Park" title="Laiwangi Wanggameti National Park">Laiwangi Wanggameti</a></li>

<li><a href="Manupeu_Tanah_Daru_National_Park" title="Manupeu Tanah Daru National Park">Manupeu Tanah Daru</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#9BCB65">Java</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alas_Purwo_National_Park" title="Alas Purwo National Park">Alas Purwo</a></li>

<li><a href="Baluran_National_Park" title="Baluran National Park">Baluran</a></li>

<li><a href="Bromo_Tengger_Semeru_National_Park" title="Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park">Bromo Tengger Semeru</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Ciremai_National_Park" title="Mount Ciremai National Park">Mount Ciremai</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Gede_Pangrango_National_Park" title="Mount Gede Pangrango National Park">Mount Gede Pangrango</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Halimun_Salak_National_Park" title="Mount Halimun Salak National Park">Mount Halimun</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Merbabu" title="Mount Merbabu">Mount Merbabu</a></li>

<li><a href="Karimunjawa_National_Park" title="Karimunjawa National Park">Karimunjawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Kepulauan_Seribu_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepulauan Seribu National Park">Kepulauan Seribu</a></li>

<li><a href="Meru_Betiri_National_Park" title="Meru Betiri National Park">Meru Betiri</a></li>

<li><a href="Ujung_Kulon_National_Park" title="Ujung Kulon National Park">Ujung Kulon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#9BCB65">Kalimantan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Betung_Kerihun_National_Park" title="Betung Kerihun National Park">Betung Kerihun</a></li>

<li><a href="Bukit_Baka_Bukit_Raya_National_Park" title="Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park">Bukit Baka Bukit Raya</a></li>

<li><a href="Danau_Sentarum_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Danau Sentarum National Park">Danau Sentarum</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Palung_National_Park" title="Mount Palung National Park">Mount Palung</a></li>

<li><a href="Kayan_Mentarang_National_Park" title="Kayan Mentarang National Park">Kayan Mentarang</a></li>

<li><a href="Kutai_National_Park" title="Kutai National Park">Kutai</a></li>

<li><a href="Sabangau_National_Park" title="Sabangau National Park">Sabangau</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanjung_Puting" title="Tanjung Puting">Tanjung Puting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#9BCB65">Maluku and Papua</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aketajawe-Lolobata_National_Park" title="Aketajawe-Lolobata National Park">Aketajawe-Lolobata</a></li>

<li><a href="Lorentz_National_Park" title="Lorentz National Park">Lorentz</a></li>

<li><a href="Manusela_National_Park" title="Manusela National Park">Manusela</a></li>

<li><a href="Teluk_Cenderawasih_National_Park" title="Teluk Cenderawasih National Park">Teluk Cenderawasih</a></li>

<li><a href="Wasur_National_Park" title="Wasur National Park">Wasur</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#9BCB65">Sulawesi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bantimurung_%E2%80%93_Bulusaraung_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantimurung – Bulusaraung National Park">Bantimurung-Bulusaraung</a></li>

<li><a href="Bogani_Nani_Wartabone_National_Park" title="Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park">Bogani Nani Wartabone</a></li>

<li><a href="Bunaken_National_Park" title="Bunaken National Park">Bunaken</a></li>

<li><a href="Gandang_Dewata_National_Park" title="Gandang Dewata National Park">Gandang Dewata</a></li>

<li><a href="Kepulauan_Togean_National_Park" title="Kepulauan Togean National Park">Kepulauan Togean</a></li>

<li><a href="Lore_Lindu_National_Park" title="Lore Lindu National Park">Lore Lindu</a></li>

<li><a href="Rawa_Aopa_Watumohai_National_Park" title="Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park">Rawa Aopa Watumohai</a></li>

<li><a href="Wakatobi_National_Park" title="Wakatobi National Park">Wakatobi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#9BCB65">Sumatra</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Batang_Gadis_National_Park" title="Batang Gadis National Park">Batang Gadis</a></li>

<li><a href="Berbak_National_Park" title="Berbak National Park">Berbak</a></li>

<li><a href="Bukit_Barisan_Selatan_National_Park" title="Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park">Bukit Barisan Selatan</a></li>

<li><a href="Bukit_Duabelas_National_Park" title="Bukit Duabelas National Park">Bukit Duabelas</a></li>

<li><a href="Bukit_Tigapuluh_National_Park" title="Bukit Tigapuluh National Park">Bukit Tigapuluh</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Leuser_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Leuser National Park">Mount Leuser</a></li>

<li><a href="Kerinci_Seblat_National_Park" title="Kerinci Seblat National Park">Kerinci Seblat</a></li>

<li><a href="Sembilang_National_Park" title="Sembilang National Park">Sembilang</a></li>

<li><a href="Siberut_National_Park" title="Siberut National Park">Siberut</a></li>

<li><a href="Tesso_Nilo_National_Park" title="Tesso Nilo National Park">Tesso Nilo</a></li>

<li><a href="Way_Kambas_National_Park" title="Way Kambas National Park">Way Kambas</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134108#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1109" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134108#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/242677633">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh88001161">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12098227t">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12098227t">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007531893005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=263250">Global Volcanism Program</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029333725">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/place/3f544af9-b464-417a-96c8-cf2b2c3d38d2">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-02" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Mount_Merapi&oldid=1303843034">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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